LED
LED
A LED (light-emitting diode) converts electrical energy to light by means of a semiconductor, made of a solid material, such as silicon, whose electrical conductivity when hot is as great as that of metals and very low when cold. LEDs were commonly referred to early in their history as solid-state lamps. The light produced by LEDs is known as electroluminescence, distinguishing it from incandescence, which is characteristic of light bulbs.
Semiconductors for LEDs are made from slices of crystal so thin that their lattice, or most basic physical structure, can be easily traversed. This crystal is alloyed with materials of opposing charges, one on each side. The negative side of the semiconductor is electron rich, and the positive side is electron poor. The positive-negative junction formed by the alloyed crystal is known as a depletion layer, which is relatively inactive. The crystal is then subjected to doping, a process of destabilizing negativity and positivity of the alloys in order to affect their conductivity, so that electrons move in one direction when the semiconductor is held between two electrodes and charged with a current. The electrons shed the energy they pick up from the current in the form of photons, emitting visible light, in order to return to their normal low- energy positions. The color of the emission is determined by its spectral composition. High energy means a short wavelength, which tends toward the blue end of the spectrum. However, while a green diode peaks at green, it can be made to emit an extended range from yellow and orange into red, depending on current flow. It appears red at low current, green at high.
The solid-state lamp
The LED is sometimes referred to as a solid-state lamp, especially in older scientific publications. Henry Round was the first to place a crystal of silicon carbide between two wires in 1907. He found that, at ten volts, it gave off a yellow light. A Russian experimenter-alternately referred to as Lossew or Lossyev-first contributed a basic understanding of the electroluminescent properties of silicon carbide, which he coupled with zinc oxide in point-contact diodes in 1923. Georges Destriau in 1936 first conceived of an AC solid-state light source, but efficiencies improved dramatically in lab research during the 1950s.
In 1990 at Cambridge University in England, Richard Friend made the first LED utilizing polymers (chemical compounds consisting of combinations of molecules that form crystals in repeating structural units), which are more flexible as a medium than silicon. The advantage of a polymer hinges on its chemical redundancies, artificially induced at the molecular level. Such a network of redundant material can be compared to a floating tangle of cooked noodles, but their reactions are more uniform than their appearance may suggest.
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