DNA Vaccine
DNA vaccine
The use of a vaccine constructed of a protein has traditionally been to induce the formation of an antibody to the particular protein. Antibodies are crucial to an organism's attempt to stop an infection caused by a microorganism.
In the early 1990s, scientists observed that plasmid DNA (DNA that is present in bacteria that is not part of the main body of DNA) could affect test animals. Work began on constructing vaccines that were made of DNA instead of protein.
Instead of injecting a protein into the body to induce antibody formation, the stretch of DNA that codes for the antigen is injected into the body. When the DNA is expressed in the body, the antigen is produced and antibody formation occurs.
Another approach that can be taken with DNA vaccines is the use DNA that codes for a vital component of the disease-causing microorganism. Antibodies that form to that protein will also attack the infecting microorganisms.
The DNA can be injected in a salt solution using a hypodermic syringe. Alternatively, the DNA can be coated onto gold beads, which are then propelled at high speed into the body using an apparatus dubbed the gene gun. The production of the actual protein that stimulates antibody formation inside the body eliminates the chances of infection, as can occur with some viral vaccines that use intact and living viruses.
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